A heat pump is a device that facilitates the transfer of thermal energy from one location to another via the process of heat exchange. This process involves moving heat energy from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature by circulating refrigerant through a sequence of components. The essential components of a heat pump and air conditioner include a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve.
The refrigerant begins its journey in the compressor, where it is pressurised and heated. The hot gas moves to the condenser, where it releases heat into the surrounding environment and condenses into a liquid. The liquid refrigerant then passes through the expansion valve, where it undergoes rapid expansion and pressure reduction, causing it to cool down and enter the evaporator. Here, it absorbs heat from the surrounding environment and vaporises back into a gas.
In an air conditioner cooling cycle, the evaporator is located inside the cooled room while the condenser is located outside. During a heating cycle, the process is reversed, with the refrigerant absorbing heat from the outside air and releasing it inside. By changing the direction of the refrigerant flow, a heat pump can provide both heating and cooling, making it a versatile and energy-efficient option for indoor climate control.